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German submarine of the Start or Second World State of war

U-boats were naval submarines operated by Frg, specially in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role (commerce raiding) and enforcing a naval blockade against enemy shipping. The primary targets of the U-gunkhole campaigns in both wars were the merchant convoys bringing supplies from Canada and other parts of the British Empire, and from the United States, to the U.k. and (during the 2d Globe War) to the Soviet Union and the Allied territories in the Mediterranean. High german submarines also destroyed Brazilian merchant ships during World War 2, causing Brazil to declare war on both Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942.^{[ citation needed ]}

The term is an anglicised version of the German language word U-Boot [ˈuːboːt] ( listen ), a shortening of Unterseeboot ('under-sea-gunkhole'), though the German term refers to any submarine. Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were besides known as U-boats.

Early U-boats (1850–1914) [edit]

The showtime submarine congenital in Germany, the three-man Brandtaucher, sank to the lesser of Kiel harbor on 1 February 1851 during a test swoop.^{[1] [2]} The inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer had designed this vessel in 1850, and Schweffel & Howaldt constructed it in Kiel. Dredging operations in 1887 rediscovered Brandtaucher; it was later on raised and put on historical brandish in Frg.

There followed in 1890 the boats Nordenfelt I and Nordenfelt II, built to a Nordenfelt design. In 1903 the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel completed the showtime fully functional German-built submarine, Forelle,^[iii] which Krupp sold to Russia during the Russo-Japanese War in Apr 1904.^[four] The SM U-i was a completely redesigned Karp-class submarine and only one was built. The Imperial German language Navy commissioned information technology on 14 December 1906.^[5] It had a double hull, a Körting kerosene engine, and a single torpedo tube. The 50%-larger SM U-two (commissioned in 1908) had 2 torpedo tubes. The U-xix class of 1912–13 saw the first diesel fuel engine installed in a German navy boat. At the start of World War I in 1914, Federal republic of germany had 48 submarines of xiii classes in service or under construction. During that war the Imperial German Navy used SM U-1 for training. Retired in 1919, it remains on brandish at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.^[6]

Globe State of war I (1914–1918) [edit]

On 5 September 1914, HMSPathfinder was sunk past SMU-21, the get-go ship to have been sunk by a submarine using a self-propelled torpedo. On 22 September, U-9 under the command of Otto Weddigen sank the obsolete British warships HMSAboukir, HMSCressy and HMSHogue (the "Live Allurement Squadron") in a unmarried hour.

In the Gallipoli Campaign in early on 1915 in the eastern Mediterranean, High german U-boats, notably the U-21, prevented shut support of allied troops by 18 pre-Dreadnought battleships by sinking 2 of them.^[7]

For the first few months of the war, U-boat anticommerce deportment observed the "prize rules" of the time, which governed the treatment of enemy noncombatant ships and their occupants. On 20 October 1914, SMU-17 sank the first merchant ship, the SSGlitra, off Kingdom of norway.^[viii] Surface commerce raiders were proving to be ineffective, and on 4 February 1915, the Kaiser assented to the declaration of a war zone in the waters around the British Isles. This was cited equally a retaliation for British minefields and shipping blockades. Nether the instructions given to U-boat captains, they could sink merchant ships, fifty-fifty potentially neutral ones, without warning.

In February 1915, a submarine U-six (Lepsius) was rammed and both periscopes were destroyed off Beachy Head by the collier SS Thordis commanded by Helm John Bell RNR after firing a torpedo.^[9] On 7 May 1915, SMU-20 sank the liner RMS Lusitania. The sinking claimed 1,198 lives, 128 of them American civilians, and the set on of this unarmed civilian ship deeply shocked the Allies. Co-ordinate to the ship'south manifest, Lusitania was carrying armed forces cargo, though none of this data was relayed to the citizens of Uk and the Us who thought that the send contained no ammunition or war machine weaponry whatever and it was an human activity of brutal murder.^{[ citation needed ]} Munitions that it carried were thousands of crates full of ammunition for rifles, 3-inch (76 mm) arms shells, and also various other standard ammunition used by infantry. The sinking of the Lusitania was widely used equally propaganda against the German Empire and caused greater support for the war attempt.^{[ citation needed ]} A widespread reaction in the U.Due south was non seen until the set on on the ferry SSSussex which carried many citizens of the Usa of America.

The initial U.South. response was to threaten to sever diplomatic ties, which persuaded the Germans to effect the Sussex pledge that reimposed restrictions on U-boat activeness. The U.S. reiterated its objections to German language submarine warfare whenever U.South. civilians died as a result of German language attacks, which prompted the Germans to fully reapply prize rules. This, notwithstanding, removed the effectiveness of the U-gunkhole fleet, and the Germans consequently sought a decisive surface action, a strategy that culminated in the Battle of Jutland.

Although the Germans claimed victory at Jutland, the British Grand Armada remained in command at sea. Information technology was necessary to return to effective anticommerce warfare by U-boats. Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, Commander in Chief of the High Seas Fleet, pressed for all-out U-boat war, convinced that a high rate of shipping losses would strength Britain to seek an early peace before the U.s. could react finer.

The renewed High german campaign was constructive, sinking 1.iv million tons of shipping between October 1916 and Jan 1917. Despite this, the political situation demanded fifty-fifty greater pressure, and on 31 January 1917, Germany announced that its U-boats would engage in unrestricted submarine warfare beginning one Feb. On 17 March, German submarines sank iii American merchant vessels, and the U.Southward. declared state of war on Germany in April 1917.

Unrestricted submarine warfare in early on 1917 was initially very successful, sinking a major part of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland-bound shipping. With the introduction of escorted convoys, shipping losses declined and in the cease, the German language strategy failed to destroy sufficient Allied shipping. An armistice became effective on 11 November 1918. Of the surviving German submarines 14 U-boats were scuttled and 122 surrendered.^[10]

Of the 373 German language submarines that had been built, 178 were lost by enemy activity. Of these 40 were sunk by mines, xxx by depth charges and xiii by Q-ships. 512 officers and 4894 enlisted men were killed. They sank 10 battleships, xviii cruisers and several smaller naval vessels. They further destroyed 5,708 merchant and fishing vessels for a full of 11,108,865 tons and the loss of almost fifteen,000 sailors.^[x] The Pour le Mérite, the highest decoration for gallantry for officers, was awarded to 29 U-boat commanders.^[11] 12 U-boat crewmen were decorated with the Goldene Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz, the highest bravery accolade for non-deputed officers and enlisted men.^[12] The most successful U-gunkhole commanders of World War I were Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière (189 merchant vessels and 2 gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by Walter Forstmann (149 ships with 391,607 tons), and Max Valentiner (144 ships with 299,482 tons).^[13] Their records have not been surpassed in any subsequent conflict.

Classes [edit]

• Körting kerosene-powered boats
  • Type U ane, Type U ii, Type U 3, Type U 5, Type U 9, Blazon U 13, Type U sixteen, Type U 17
• Mittel-U MAN diesel boats
  • Blazon U 19, Blazon U 23, Type U 27, Blazon U 31, Type U 43, Type U 51, Type U 57, Blazon U 63, Blazon U 66, Type Mittel U
• U-Cruisers and Merchant U-boats
  • Type U 139, Type U 142, Blazon U 151, Blazon UD 1
• UB coastal torpedo attack boats
  • Type UB I, Type UB II, Blazon UB III, Type UF, Blazon UG
• UC coastal minelayers
  • Blazon UC I, Blazon UC Two, Type UC III
• UE bounding main minelayers
  • Type UE I, Blazon UE II

Surrender of the fleet [edit]

Under the terms of armistice, all U-boats were to immediately surrender. Those in home waters sailed to the British submarine base at Harwich. The entire process was done rapidly and in the main without difficulty, after which the vessels were studied, then scrapped or given to Allied navies. Stephen Rex-Hall wrote a detailed eyewitness business relationship of the surrender.^[fourteen]

Interwar years (1919–1939) [edit]

The Treaty of Versailles ending Earth War I signed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 restricted the full tonnage of the German surface armada. The treaty as well restricted the independent tonnage of ships and forbade the structure of submarines. Nonetheless, a submarine design office was set up upwards in holland and a torpedo inquiry program was started in Sweden. Before the kickoff of World War Two, Germany started building U-boats and grooming crews, labeling these activities every bit "research" or concealing them using other covers. When this became known, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement limited Federal republic of germany to parity with Britain in submarines. When World State of war Ii started, Germany already had 65 U-boats, with 21 of those at sea, fix for war.^[xv]

Globe War II (1939–1945) [edit]

During World State of war II, U-boat warfare was the major component of the Boxing of the Atlantic, which began in 1939 and ended with Germany'south surrender in 1945. The Ceasefire of 11 Nov 1918 ending World War I had scuttled most of the old Imperial German language Navy and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles of 1919 limited the surface navy of Germany's new Weimar Republic to only vi battleships (of less than 10,000 tons each), six cruisers, and 12 destroyers. To compensate, Germany's new navy, the Kriegsmarine, developed the largest submarine fleet going into World War Two.^[16] British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later wrote "The only thing that really frightened me during the war was the U-gunkhole peril."^[17]

In the early on stages of the war, the U-boats were extremely effective in destroying Allied shipping due to the large gap in mid-Atlantic air embrace. Cross-Atlantic trade in war supplies and food was all-encompassing and critical for Great britain's survival. The continuous activity surrounding British shipping became known as the Battle of the Atlantic, as the British developed technical defences such as ASDIC and radar, and the German U-boats responded by hunting in what were chosen "wolfpacks" where multiple submarines would stay close together, making it easier for them to sink a specific target. United kingdom's vulnerable shipping situation existed until 1942, when the tides inverse as the U.Southward. merchant marine and Navy entered the war, drastically increasing the amount of tonnage of supplies sent across the Atlantic. The combination of increased tonnage and increased naval protection of aircraft convoys made it much more difficult for U-boats to make a meaning dent in British shipping. Once the United States entered the war, U-boats ranged from the Atlantic coast of the United states of america and Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Arctic to the w and southern African coasts and fifty-fifty every bit far due east as Penang. The U.Southward. armed forces engaged in diverse tactics against German incursions in the Americas; these included war machine surveillance of foreign nations in Latin America, especially in the Caribbean, to deter any local governments from supplying German U-boats.

Because speed and range were severely express underwater while running on battery power, U-boats were required to spend most of their fourth dimension surfaced running on diesel engines, diving only when attacked or for rare daytime torpedo strikes. The more ship-like hull design reflects the fact that these were primarily surface vessels that could submerge when necessary. This contrasts with the cylindrical contour of mod nuclear submarines, which are more than hydrodynamic underwater (where they spend the majority of their time), simply less stable on the surface. While U-boats were faster on the surface than submerged, the opposite is generally true of modern submarines. The most mutual U-boat attack during the early on years of the war was conducted on the surface and at night. This period, before the Centrolineal forces developed truly effective antisubmarine warfare tactics, which included convoys, was referred to past High german submariners as "die glückliche Zeit" or the Start Happy Time.^[eighteen]

U-534, Birkenhead Docks, Merseyside, England

Torpedoes [edit]

The U-boats' main weapon was the torpedo, though mines and deck guns (while surfaced) were also used. By the terminate of the war, most three,000 Allied ships (175 warships; 2,825 merchant ships) had been sunk by U-boat torpedoes.^[19] Early German language World State of war II torpedoes were straight runners, every bit opposed to the homing and pattern-running torpedoes that became available later in the war. They were fitted with one of two types of pistol triggers — impact, which detonated the warhead upon contact with a solid object, and magnetic, which detonated upon sensing a change in the magnetic field within a few meters.

One of the most effective uses of magnetic pistols would be to set the torpedo'south depth to just below the keel of the target. The explosion under the target's keel would create a detonation shock wave, which could crusade a send'due south hull to rupture nether the concussive water pressure. In this style, even large or heavily armored ships could be sunk or disabled with a single, well-placed hit.

Initially, the depth-keeping equipment and magnetic and contact exploders were notoriously unreliable. During the first eight months of the war torpedoes often ran at an improper depth, detonated prematurely, or failed to explode altogether—sometimes bouncing harmlessly off the hull of the target ship. This was most evident in Functioning Weserübung, the invasion of Norway, where various skilled U-gunkhole commanders failed to inflict harm on British transports and warships because of faulty torpedoes. The faults were largely due to a lack of testing. The magnetic detonator was sensitive to mechanical oscillations during the torpedo run, and to fluctuations in the World'southward magnetic field at high latitudes. These early magnetic detonators were eventually phased out, and the depth-keeping problem was solved past early on 1942 with improved technology.^{[xx] [ farther caption needed ]}

Later in the war, Frg developed an acoustic homing torpedo, the G7/T5. It was primarily designed to combat convoy escorts. The acoustic torpedo was designed to run direct to an arming distance of 400 yard and so turn toward the loudest noise detected. This sometimes ended up existence the U-gunkhole; at least ii submarines may have been sunk by their own homing torpedoes. Additionally, these torpedoes were found to be but effective against ships moving at greater than 15 knots (28 km/h). The Allies countered acoustic torpedoes with noisemaker decoys such every bit Foxer, FXR, CAT and Fanfare. The Germans, in plough, countered this past introducing newer and upgraded versions of the acoustic torpedoes, like the tardily-war G7es, and the T11. Notwithstanding, the T11 did not see agile service.^[21]

U-boats likewise adopted several types of "pattern-running" torpedoes that ran straight out to a preset distance, then traveled in either a circular or ladder-like pattern. When fired at a convoy, this increased the probability of a hit if the weapon missed its chief target.

U-boat developments [edit]

During Globe War II, the Kriegsmarine produced many different types of U-boats equally engineering evolved. Most notable is the Type 7, known as the "workhorse" of the fleet, which was by far the about-produced type, and the Blazon IX boats, an enlarged VII designed for long-range patrols, some traveling as far as Nihon and the east declension of the United States.

With the increasing sophistication of Allied detection and subsequent losses, German designers began to fully realise the potential for a truly submerged boat. The Type XXI "Elektroboot" was designed to favor submerged operation, both for combat effectiveness and survival. It was the start true submersible. The Type XXI featured an evolutionary design that combined several unlike strands of the U-boat development program, most notably from the Walter U-boats, the Type XVII, which featured an unsuccessful withal revolutionary hydrogen peroxide air-independent propellant system. These boats featured a streamlined hull pattern, which formed the basis of the later USSNautilus nuclear submarine, and was adjusted for utilise with more conventional propulsion systems. The larger hull pattern immune for a greatly increased battery capacity, which enabled the XXI to cruise submerged for longer periods and reach unprecedented submerged speeds for the time. Waste matter disposal was a problem when the U-boats spent extended periods without surfacing, equally information technology is today.

Throughout the war, an artillery race evolved between the Allies and the Kriegsmarine, especially in detection and counterdetection. Sonar (ASDIC in Britain) allowed Allied warships to notice submerged U-boats (and vice versa) beyond visual range, merely was not constructive against a surfaced vessel; thus, early in the state of war, a U-boat at night or in bad weather condition was really safer on the surface. Advancements in radar became specially deadly for the U-boat crews, specially once aircraft-mounted units were adult. Equally a countermeasure, U-boats were fitted with radar warning receivers, to give them ample time to dive before the enemy airtight in, also as more anti-aircraft guns. Nonetheless, by early to mid-1943, the Allies switched to centimetric radar (unknown to Germany), which rendered the radar detectors ineffective. U-boat radar systems were also developed, merely many captains chose not to use them for fear of broadcasting their position to enemy patrols and lack of sufficient electronic countermeasures.

Early on, the Germans experimented with the idea of the Schnorchel (snorkel) from captured Dutch submarines, but saw no demand for them until rather late in the state of war. The Schnorchel was a retractable pipage that supplied air to the diesel fuel engines while submerged at periscope depth, allowing the boats to cruise and recharge their batteries while maintaining a caste of stealth. It was far from a perfect solution, however. Problems occurred with the device's valve sticking shut or closing as it dunked in rough weather condition; since the arrangement used the unabridged pressure hull as a buffer, the diesels would instantaneously suck huge volumes of air from the boat's compartments, and the coiffure often suffered painful ear injuries. Speed was limited to eight knots (15 km/h), lest the device snap from stress. The Schnorchel besides had the effect of making the gunkhole essentially noisy and deaf in sonar terms. Finally, Allied radar eventually became sufficiently avant-garde that the Schnorchel mast could exist detected beyond visual range.

Several other pioneering innovations included acoustic- and electro-absorbent coatings to brand them less of an ASDIC or RADAR target. The Germans besides adult agile countermeasures such every bit facilities to release bogus chemical bubble-making decoys, known every bit Assuming, afterwards the mythical kobold.

Classes [edit]

• Blazon I: outset prototypes
• Type Ii: small-scale submarines used for training purposes
• Blazon 5: uncompleted experimental midget submarines
• Blazon VII: the "workhorse" of the U-boats with 709 completed in World War 2^[22]
• Type IX: these long-range U-boats operated as far as the Indian Ocean with the Japanese (Monsun Gruppe), and the Southward Atlantic
• Type X: long-range minelayers and cargo transports
• Type 11: uncompleted experimental artillery boats
• Blazon Xiv: used to resupply other U-boats; nicknamed the Milchkuh ("Milk Cow")
• Blazon XVII: small littoral submarines powered past experimental hydrogen peroxide propulsion systems
• Blazon XXI: known as the Elektroboot; beginning subs to operate primarily submerged
• Type XXIII: smaller version of the XXI used for coastal operations
• Midget submarines, including Biber, Hai, Molch, and Seehund
• Uncompleted U-boat projects

Countermeasures [edit]

Advances in convoy tactics, high-frequency direction finding (referred to every bit ("Huff-Duff"), radar, active sonar (called ASDIC in U.k.), depth charges, ASW spigot mortars (also known as "hedgehog"), the intermittent cracking of the High german Naval Enigma code, the introduction of the Leigh light, the range of escort aircraft (particularly with the use of escort carriers), the utilize of mystery ships, and the total entry of the U.S. into the war with its enormous shipbuilding capacity, all turned the tide against the U-boats. In the terminate, the U-boat fleet suffered extremely heavy casualties, losing 793 U-boats and almost 28,000 submariners (a 75% casualty rate, the highest of all High german forces during the war).

At the same time, the Allies targeted the U-boat shipyards and their bases with strategic bombing.

Enigma automobile [edit]

The British had a major advantage in their ability to read some German naval Enigma codes. An agreement of the German coding methods had been brought to Britain via France from Smooth lawmaking-breakers. Thereafter, code books and equipment were captured by raids on German weather condition ships and from captured U-boats. A team including Alan Turing used special purpose "Bombes" and early on computers to intermission new German codes as they were introduced. The speedy decoding of messages was vital in directing convoys abroad from wolf packs and allowing interception and destruction of U-boats. This was demonstrated when the Naval Enigma machines were altered in February 1942 and wolf-pack effectiveness profoundly increased until the new code was broken.

The German language submarineU-110, a Type IXB, was captured in 1941 past the Imperial Navy, and its Enigma machine and documents were removed. U-559 was as well captured by the British in Oct 1942; 3 sailors boarded her as she was sinking, and desperately threw all the code books out of the submarine so as to relieve them. Two of them, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and Lieutenant Francis Anthony Blair Fasson, continued to throw code books out of the ship every bit it went under water, and went downward with it. Further code books were captured by raids on atmospheric condition ships. U-744 was boarded by crew from the Canadian ship HMCSChilliwack on six March 1944, and codes were taken from her, but by this time in the war, most of the data was known.^[23] The U-505, a Type IXC, was captured by the U.s. Navy in June 1944. It is at present a museum ship in Chicago at the Museum of Scientific discipline and Industry.

Boxing of Bell Isle [edit]

Two events in the battle took identify in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four centrolineal ore carriers at Bell Island, Newfoundland. The carriers SSSaganaga and SSLord Strathcona were sunk by U-513 on 5 September 1942, while the SSRosecastle and PLM 27 were sunk by U-518 on 2 November with the loss of 69 lives. When the submarine launched a torpedo at the loading pier, Bell Island became the only location in Northward America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in World State of war II.

Operation Deadlight [edit]

"Performance Deadlight" was the lawmaking name for the scuttling of U-boats surrendered to the Allies afterward the defeat of Germany near the end of the war. Of the 154 U-boats surrendered, 121 were scuttled in deep water off Lisahally, Northern Ireland, or Loch Ryan, Scotland, in late 1945 and early 1946.

Memorial [edit]

Post–World War Two and Cold State of war (subsequently 1945) [edit]

From 1955, the Due west German Bundesmarine was allowed to have a pocket-size navy. Initially, two sunken Type XXIIIs and a Type XXI were raised and repaired. In the 1960s, the Federal Commonwealth of Deutschland (West Deutschland) re-entered the submarine business. Because Westward Deutschland was initially restricted to a 450-tonne displacement limit, the Bundesmarine focused on modest coastal submarines to protect against the Soviet threat in the Baltic Sea. The Germans sought to use advanced technologies to offset the small-scale deportation, such as amagnetic steel to protect against naval mines and magnetic anomaly detectors.

The initial Type 201 was a failure because of hull neat; the subsequent Type 205, first commissioned in 1967, was a success, and 12 were built for the German navy. To keep the U-boat tradition, the new boats received the archetype "U" designation starting with the U-1.

With the Danish government's buy of 2 Type 205 boats, the West German government realized the potential for the submarine every bit an export, developing a customized version Blazon 207. Small and agile submarines were built during the Common cold War to operate in the shallow Baltic Bounding main resulting in the Blazon 206. Three of the improved Type 206 boats were later sold to the Israeli Navy, becoming the Type 540. The German language Type 209 diesel-electric submarine was the virtually popular export-sales submarine in the world from the tardily 1960s into the first years of the 21st century. With a larger ane,000–ane,500 tonne displacement, the grade was very customizable and has seen service with 14 navies with 51 examples existence built equally of 2006. Frg would keep to reap successes with derivations or on the basis of the successful blazon 209, as are the Type 800 sold to Israel and the TR-1700 sold to Argentine republic.

Germany would continue to succeed equally an exporter of submarines equally the Klasse 210 sold to Kingdom of norway, considered the most silent and maneuverable submarines in the earth. This would demonstrate its capacity and put its export seal on the world.

Germany has brought the U-boat name into the 21st century with the new Blazon 212. The 212 features an air-independent propulsion system using hydrogen fuel cells. This system is safer than previous airtight-wheel diesel engines and steam turbines, cheaper than a nuclear reactor and quieter than either. While the Blazon 212 is also being purchased by Italy^[24] and Norway,^[25] the Type 214 has been designed as the follow-on export model and has been sold to Hellenic republic, Republic of korea, Turkey, and based on it would get the Blazon U 209PN sold to Portugal.

In recent years Frg introduced new models such as the Type 216 and the Type 218 the latter beingness sold to Singapore.

In 2016, Deutschland commissioned its newest U-gunkhole, the U-36, a Type 212.

See likewise [edit]

• Listing of U-boats of Germany
• List of U-boats never deployed
• List of successful U-boats
• Das Boot, 1981 High german U-gunkhole film
• Greyhound, 2020 American war film
• Decoys
  • Bold (decoy)
  • Sieglinde (decoy)
• Karl Dönitz
• List of Knight'southward Cross recipients of the U-boat service
• Orkney Wireless Museum contains an example of a U-boat radio
• I-boat, Japanese equivalent

References [edit]

1. ^ Showell, p. 23
2. ^ Compare: Chaffin, Tom (2010). The H. L. Hunley: The Secret Hope of the Confederacy. Macmillan. p. 53. ISBN9781429990356 . Retrieved 14 July 2016. Bauer's gunkhole made a promising offset, diving in tests in the Baltic Sea's Bay of Kiel to depths of more fifty feet. In 1855, during one of those tests, the gunkhole malfunctioned. The Brandtaucher plunged fifty-iv vertical feet and refused to arise from the seafloor. Bauer and his crew – leaving their arts and crafts on the bottom – barely escaped with their coiffure-mates lives.
3. ^ Showell, p. 201
4. ^ Showell, pp. 22, 23, 25, 29
5. ^ Showell, p. 30
6. ^ Showell, pp. 36 & 37
7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
8. ^ "WWI U-Boats U-17". Uboat.internet. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
9. ^ Haley Dixon (21 June 2013). "Story of Captain's courage resurfaces after 98 years". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
10. ^ ^{a b} Micheal Clodfelter (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Prey and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 428.
11. ^ "Military decorations - U-boat Commanders - German and Austrian U-boats of World War One - Kaiserliche Marine - uboat.net". uboat.net.
12. ^ Bruno Fischer, Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung, 1960, p. sixteen
13. ^ "Most Successful U-boat commanders - German and Austrian U-boats of World War Ane - Kaiserliche Marine - uboat.net". uboat.net.
14. ^ King-Hall, Stephen (nineteen May 2021). "A Due north Bounding main diary, 1914-1918 / Commander Stephen King-Hall". London, [Eng.] : Newnes – via Internet Archive.
15. ^ "NOVA Online | Hitler's Lost Sub | Map of Lost U-Boats (frameless)". www.pbs.org . Retrieved 25 April 2019.
16. ^ Hakim, Joy (1998). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 100–104. ISBN0-nineteen-509514-6.
17. ^ Churchill 2005, p. 529. sfn error: no target: CITEREFChurchill2005 (assist)
18. ^ "Military History Online". www.militaryhistoryonline.com . Retrieved 4 February 2019.
19. ^ Crocker Three, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me . New York: Crown Forum. p. 310. ISBN978-ane-4000-5363-6.
20. ^ Karl Dönitz (1990). Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days. Naval Found Printing. p. 482. ISBN0-87021-780-i.
21. ^ "The Torpedoes - Technical pages - German U-boats of WWII - Kriegsmarine - uboat.cyberspace". uboat.net.
22. ^ Stern, Robert Cecil (1991). Type VII U-boats (Showtime U.South. & Canada ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Plant Press. p. 155. ISBN1-55750-828-3 . Retrieved i January 2019.
23. ^ Helgason, Gudmundur. "Captured U Boats". uboat.net.
24. ^ "Naval Engineering science on the Todaro form". Retrieved 9 March 2019.
25. ^ Berg Bentzrød, Sveinung (3 February 2017). "Forsvaret kjøper nye ubåter fra Tyskland" [The Armed Forces are purchasing new submarines from Germany]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aftenposten AS. Retrieved nine March 2019.

Further reading [edit]

• Abbatiello, John (2005) Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats
• Buchheim, Lothar-Günther. Das Boot (original German edition 1973, eventually translated into English and many other Western languages). Movie adaptation in 1981, directed by Wolfgang Petersen
• Gannon, Michael (1998) Blackness May. Dell Publishing. ISBN 0-440-23564-2
• Gannon, Michael (1990) Operation Drumbeat. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-302-4
• Grayness, Edwyn A. (1994) The U-Gunkhole War, 1914–1918
• Hans Joachim Koerver (2010) German Submarine Warfare 1914–1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence, LIS Reinisch, ISBN 978-3-902433-79-4
• Kurson, Robert (2004) Shadow Divers: The True Adventure of Two Americans Who Risked Everything to Solve 1 of the Last Mysteries of World War II. Random Business firm Publishing. ISBN 0-375-50858-9
• Möller, Eberhard and Werner Brack (2006) The Encyclopedia of U-Boats: From 1904 to the Nowadays, ISBN 1-85367-623-3
• O'Connor, Jerome Chiliad. (June 2000) "Inside the Grey Wolves' Den." Naval History. The Usa Naval Constitute Author of the Year characteristic describes the edifice and performance of the German U-gunkhole bases in France.
• Preston, Anthony (2005) The World'due south Greatest Submarines.
• Stern, Robert C. (1999) Battle Beneath the Waves: U-boats at war. Artillery and Armor/Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-200-6.
• Showell, Jak Mallmann (2006) The U-boat Century: German Submarine Warfare, 1906–2006, ISBN 1-59114-892-8
• van der Vat, Dan (1988) The Atlantic Entrada. Harper & Row. Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between Earth War I and World War Ii, and suggests a continuous state of war.
• Von Scheck, Karl. U122: The Diary of a U-gunkhole Commander. Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1-84685-049-3
• Georg von Trapp and Elizabeth Thou. Campbell (2007) To the Final Salute: Memories of an Austrian U-Boat Commander
• Westwood, David (2005) U-Boat War: Doenitz and the evolution of the German Submarine Service 1935–1945, ISBN i-932033-43-2
• Werner, Herbert. Iron Coffins: A Personal Account of the German U-Boat Battles of World War 2, ISBN 978-0-304-35330-9

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to U-gunkhole.

• TheSubPen The Sub "Pen," your home for submarine and U-gunkhole history.
• uboat.cyberspace Comprehensive reference source for WW I and WW Ii U-gunkhole information.
• uboat-bases.com The German language U-boat bases of the WW-II in France: Brest, Lorient, St-Nazaire, La Rochelle, Bordeaux.
• ubootwaffe.internet Comprehensive reference source for WW II U-boat information.
• WWII German UBoats
• German sub sank nearly U.S., The Augusta Chronicle
• U Gunkhole Sanctuary – Inside The Indestructible U Gunkhole Bases In Brittany History Articles
• U-112 and U-53 Submarine Drove at Dartmouth College Library

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat

Posted by: lynchthouthe1935.blogspot.com

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